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Temporary Files
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<span id="sgSpan-0-3" class="fa fa-caret-right"></span> Implementing Security Features
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<div class="page-header">
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<h2>Temporary Files</h2>
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</div>
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<div id="preamble">
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<div class="sectionbody">
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<div class="paragraph">
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<p>In this chapter, we describe how to create temporary files and
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directories, how to remove them, and how to work with programs
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which do not create files in ways that are safe with a shared
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directory for temporary files. General file system manipulation
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is treated in a separate chapter, <a href="#chap-Defensive_Coding-Tasks-File_System">[chap-Defensive_Coding-Tasks-File_System]</a>.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="paragraph">
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<p>Secure creation of temporary files has four different aspects.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="ulist">
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>The location of the directory for temporary files must be
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obtained in a secure manner (that is, untrusted environment
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variables must be ignored, see <a href="#sect-Defensive_Coding-Tasks-secure_getenv">[sect-Defensive_Coding-Tasks-secure_getenv]</a>).</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>A new file must be created. Reusing an existing file must be
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avoided (the <code>/tmp</code> race
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condition). This is tricky because traditionally, system-wide
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temporary directories shared by all users are used.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>The file must be created in a way that makes it impossible for
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other users to open it.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>The descriptor for the temporary file should not leak to
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subprocesses.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div class="paragraph">
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<p>All functions mentioned below will take care of these aspects.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="paragraph">
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<p>Traditionally, temporary files are often used to reduce memory
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usage of programs. More and more systems use RAM-based file
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systems such as <code>tmpfs</code> for storing temporary
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files, to increase performance and decrease wear on Flash storage.
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As a result, spooling data to temporary files does not result in
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any memory savings, and the related complexity can be avoided if
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the data is kept in process memory.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="sect1">
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<h2 id="chap-Defensive_Coding-Tasks-Temporary_Files-Location"><a class="anchor" href="#chap-Defensive_Coding-Tasks-Temporary_Files-Location"></a>Obtaining the Location of Temporary Directory</h2>
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<div class="sectionbody">
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<div class="paragraph">
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<p>Some functions below need the location of a directory which
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stores temporary files. For C/C++ programs, use the following
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steps to obtain that directory:</p>
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</div>
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<div class="ulist">
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>Use <code>secure_getenv</code> to obtain the value
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of the <code>TMPDIR</code> environment variable. If
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it is set, convert the path to a fully-resolved absolute
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path, using <code>realpath(path, NULL)</code>. Check
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if the new path refers to a directory and is writeable. In
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this case, use it as the temporary directory.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Fall back to <code>/tmp</code>.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div class="paragraph">
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<p>In Python, you can use the <code>tempfile.tempdir</code>
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variable.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="paragraph">
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<p>Java does not support SUID/SGID programs, so you can use the
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<code>java.lang.System.getenv(String)</code> method to
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obtain the value of the <code>TMPDIR</code> environment
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variable, and follow the two steps described above. (Java’s
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default directory selection does not honor
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<code>TMPDIR</code>.)</p>
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|
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</div>
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|
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</div>
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|
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</div>
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<div class="sect1">
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|
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<h2 id="named-temporary-files"><a class="anchor" href="#named-temporary-files"></a>Named Temporary Files</h2>
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|
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<div class="sectionbody">
|
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|
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<div class="paragraph">
|
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|
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<p>The <code>mkostemp</code> function creates a named
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temporary file. You should specify the
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<code>O_CLOEXEC</code> flag to avoid file descriptor leaks
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to subprocesses. (Applications which do not use multiple threads
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|
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can also use <code>mkstemp</code>, but libraries should
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|
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use <code>mkostemp</code>.) For determining the
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|
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directory part of the file name pattern, see <a href="#chap-Defensive_Coding-Tasks-Temporary_Files-Location">Obtaining the Location of Temporary Directory</a>.</p>
|
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|
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</div>
|
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|
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<div class="paragraph">
|
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|
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<p>The file is not removed automatically. It is not safe to rename
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or delete the file before processing, or transform the name in
|
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any way (for example, by adding a file extension). If you need
|
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|
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multiple temporary files, call <code>mkostemp</code>
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|
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multiple times. Do not create additional file names derived
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from the name provided by a previous
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<code>mkostemp</code> call. However, it is safe to close
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|
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the descriptor returned by <code>mkostemp</code> and
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reopen the file using the generated name.</p>
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|
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</div>
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|
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<div class="paragraph">
|
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|
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<p>The Python class <code>tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile</code>
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provides similar functionality, except that the file is deleted
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automatically by default. Note that you may have to use the
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|
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<code>file</code> attribute to obtain the actual file
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|
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object because some programming interfaces cannot deal with
|
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|
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file-like objects. The C function <code>mkostemp</code>
|
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|
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is also available as <code>tempfile.mkstemp</code>.</p>
|
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|
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</div>
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|
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<div class="paragraph">
|
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|
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<p>In Java, you can use the
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<code>java.io.File.createTempFile(String, String,
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|
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File)</code> function, using the temporary file location
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|
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determined according to <a href="#chap-Defensive_Coding-Tasks-Temporary_Files-Location">Obtaining the Location of Temporary Directory</a>.
|
||
|
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Do not use <code>java.io.File.deleteOnExit()</code> to
|
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|
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delete temporary files, and do not register a shutdown hook for
|
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|
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each temporary file you create. In both cases, the deletion
|
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|
|
hint cannot be removed from the system if you delete the
|
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|
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temporary file prior to termination of the VM, causing a memory
|
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|
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leak.</p>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
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<div class="sect1">
|
||
|
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<h2 id="temporary-files-without-names"><a class="anchor" href="#temporary-files-without-names"></a>Temporary Files without Names</h2>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
||
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
|
|
<p>The <code>tmpfile</code> function creates a temporary
|
||
|
|
file and immediately deletes it, while keeping the file open.
|
||
|
|
As a result, the file lacks a name and its space is deallocated
|
||
|
|
as soon as the file descriptor is closed (including the implicit
|
||
|
|
close when the process terminates). This avoids cluttering the
|
||
|
|
temporary directory with orphaned files.</p>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
|
|
<p>Alternatively, if the maximum size of the temporary file is
|
||
|
|
known beforehand, the <code>fmemopen</code> function can
|
||
|
|
be used to create a <code>FILE *</code> object which is
|
||
|
|
backed by memory.</p>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
|
|
<p>In Python, unnamed temporary files are provided by the
|
||
|
|
<code>tempfile.TemporaryFile</code> class, and the
|
||
|
|
<code>tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile</code> class provides
|
||
|
|
a way to avoid creation of small temporary files.</p>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
|
|
<p>Java does not support unnamed temporary files.</p>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="chap-Defensive_Coding-Tasks-Temporary_Directory"><a class="anchor" href="#chap-Defensive_Coding-Tasks-Temporary_Directory"></a>Temporary Directories</h2>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
||
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
|
|
<p>The <code>mkdtemp</code> function can be used to create
|
||
|
|
a temporary directory. (For determining the directory part of
|
||
|
|
the file name pattern, see <a href="#chap-Defensive_Coding-Tasks-Temporary_Files-Location">Obtaining the Location of Temporary Directory</a>.)
|
||
|
|
The directory is not automatically removed. In Python, this
|
||
|
|
function is available as <code>tempfile.mkdtemp</code>.
|
||
|
|
In Java 7, temporary directories can be created using the
|
||
|
|
<code>java.nio.file.Files.createTempDirectory(Path, String,
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|
|
FileAttribute…​)</code> function.</p>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
|
|
<p>When creating files in the temporary directory, use
|
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|
|
automatically generated names, e.g., derived from a sequential
|
||
|
|
counter. Files with externally provided names could be picked
|
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|
|
up in unexpected contexts, and crafted names could actually
|
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|
|
point outside of the tempoary directory (due to
|
||
|
|
<strong>directory traversal</strong>).</p>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
|
|
<p>Removing a directory tree in a completely safe manner is
|
||
|
|
complicated. Unless there are overriding performance concerns,
|
||
|
|
the <strong class="application">rm</strong> program should be used, with
|
||
|
|
the <code class="option">-rf</code> and <code class="option">--</code> options.</p>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="compensating-for-unsafe-file-creation"><a class="anchor" href="#compensating-for-unsafe-file-creation"></a>Compensating for Unsafe File Creation</h2>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
||
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
|
|
<p>There are two ways to make a function or program which excepts a
|
||
|
|
file name safe for use with temporary files. See
|
||
|
|
<a href="#sect-Defensive_Coding-Tasks-Processes-Creation">[sect-Defensive_Coding-Tasks-Processes-Creation]</a>,
|
||
|
|
for details on subprocess creation.</p>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p>Create a temporary directory and place the file there. If
|
||
|
|
possible, run the program in a subprocess which uses the
|
||
|
|
temporary directory as its current directory, with a
|
||
|
|
restricted environment.
|
||
|
|
Use generated names for all files in that temporary
|
||
|
|
directory. (See <a href="#chap-Defensive_Coding-Tasks-Temporary_Directory">Temporary Directories</a>.)</p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p>Create the temporary file and pass the generated file name
|
||
|
|
to the function or program. This only works if the function
|
||
|
|
or program can cope with a zero-length existing file. It is
|
||
|
|
safe only under additional assumptions:</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p>The function or program must not create additional files
|
||
|
|
whose name is derived from the specified file name or
|
||
|
|
are otherwise predictable.</p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p>The function or program must not delete the file before
|
||
|
|
processing it.</p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p>It must not access any existing files in the same
|
||
|
|
directory.</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
|
|
<p>It is often difficult to check whether these additional
|
||
|
|
assumptions are matched, therefore this approach is not
|
||
|
|
recommended.</p>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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|
</div>
|
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